Under certain circumstances, the human body must cope with gases at greater-than-normal atmospheric pressure. For example, gas pressures increase rapidly during a dive made with scuba gear because the breathing equipment allows divers to stay

Line underwater longer and dive deeper. The pressure exerted on the human body increases

(5) by 1 atmosphere for every 10 meters of depth in seawater, so that at 30 meters in seawater a diver is exposed to a pressure of about 4 atmospheres. The pressure of the gases being breathed must equal the external pressure applied to the body ; otherwise breathing is very difficult. Therefore all of the gases in the air breathed by a scuba diver at 40 meters are present at five times their usual pressure. Nitrogen, which

(10) composes 80 percent of the air we breathe, usually causes a balmy feeling of

well-being at this pressure. At a depth of 5 atmospheres, nitrogen causes symptoms resembling alcohol intoxication, known as nitrogen narcosis. Nitrogen narcosis apparently results from a direct effect on the brain of the large amounts of nitrogen dissolved in the blood. Deep dives are less dangerous if helium is substituted for

  (15) nitrogen, because under these pressures helium does not exert a similar narcotic effect. As a scuba diver descends, the pressure of nitrogen in the lungs increases. Nitrogen then diffuses from the lungs to the blood, and from the blood to body tissues. The reverse occurs when the diver surfaces ; the nitrogen pressure in the lungs falls and the nitrogen diffuses from the tissues into the blood, and from the blood into the lungs.

  (20) If the return to the surface is too rapid, nitrogen in the tissues and blood cannot diffuse out rapidly enough and nitrogen bubbles are formed. They can cause severe pains, particularly around the joints.

Another complication may result if the breath is held during ascent. During ascent from a depth of 10 meters, the volume of air in the lungs will double because the air

(25) pressure at the surface is only half of what it was at 10 meters. This change in volume may cause the lungs to distend and even rupture. This condition is called air embolism.

To avoid this event, a diver must ascend slowly, never at a rate exceeding the rise of the exhaled air bubbles, and must exhale during ascent.

21.  What does the passage mainly discuss?

(a)  The equipment divers use

(b)  The effects of pressure on gases in the human body

(c)  How to prepare for a deep dive

(d)  The symptoms of nitrogen bubbles in the bloodstream

22. The words "exposed to" in line 6 are closest in meaning to

(a)  leaving behind       (b)  prepared for         

(c)  propelled by         (d)  subjected to           

23.  The word "exert" in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(a)  cause                (b)  permit

(c)  need                 (d)  change

24. The word "diffuses" in line 19 is closest in meaning to  

(a)  yields         (b)  starts                         

(c)  surfaces       (d)  travels                 

25.  What happens to nitrogen in body tissues if a diver ascends too quickly?

(a)  it forms bubbles.

(b)  It goes directly to the brain

(c)  It is reabsorbed by the lungs  

(d)  It has a narcotic effect

26.  The word "they" in line 21 refers to            

(a)  joints             (b)  pains                 

(c)  bubbles           (d)  tissues             

27. The word "rupture" in line 26 is closest   in meaning to

(a)  hurt               (b) shrink

(c)  burst              (d)  stop

28. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following
presents the greatest danger to a diver?                                   

(a) pressurized helium

(b) Nitrogen diffusion        

(c) Nitrogen bubbles

(d) An air embolism

29. What should a diver do when ascending?

(a)  Rise slowly

(b)  Breathe faster

(c)  Relax completely

 (d)  Breathe helium

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