Read the passage and choose the option that best answer each question.

 

    Could Washington, Madison, and the other framers of the
    Federal Constitution revisit the earth in this year 1922,
    it is likely that nothing would bewilder them more than
    the recent Prohibition Amendment. Railways, steamships,
5   the telephone, automobiles, flying machines, submarines
    ? all these developments, unknown in their day, would
    fill them with amazement and admiration. They would
    marvel at the story of the rise and downfall of the
    German Empire; at the growth and present greatness of
10  the Republic they themselves had founded. None of these
    things, however, would seem to them to involve any
    essential change in the beliefs and purposes of men as
    they had known them. The Prohibition Amendment, on the
    contrary, would evidence to their minds the breaking
15  down of a principle of government which they had deemed
    axiomatic, the abandonment of a purpose which they had
    supposed immutable.

    I have previously defined a sanctuary as a place where man
    is passive and the rest of Nature active. But this general
    definition is too absolute for any special case. The mere
    fact that man has to protect a sanctuary does away with his
5   purely passive attitude. Then, he can be beneficially active
    by destroying pests and parasites, like bot-flies or
    mosquitoes, and by finding antidotes for diseases like the
    epidemic which periodically kills off the rabbits and thus
    starves many of the carnivora to death. But, except in cases
10  where experiment has proved his intervention to be
    beneficial, the less he upsets the balance of Nature the
    better, even when he tries to be an earthly Providence.

    That Priestley's contributions to the knowledge of chemical
    fact were of the greatest importance is unquestionable; but
    it must be admitted that he had no comprehension of the
    deeper significance of his work; and, so far from
5   contributing anything to the theory of the facts which he
    discovered, or assisting in their rational explanation,
    his influence to the end of his life was warmly exerted in
    favor of error. From first to last, he was a stiff adherent
    of the phlogiston doctrine which was prevalent when his
10  studies commenced; and, by a curious irony of fate, the man
    who by the discovery of what he called "dephlogisticated air"
    furnished the essential datum for the true theory of
    combustion, of respiration, and of the composition of water,
    to the end of his days fought against the inevitable
15  corollaries from his own labors.

Paragraph two

    It is a trying ordeal for any man to be compared with Black
    and Cavendish, and Priestley cannot be said to stand on
    their level. Nevertheless his achievements are truly
    wonderful if we consider the disadvantages under which he
20  labored. Without the careful scientific training of Black,
    without the leisure and appliances secured by the wealth of
    Cavendish, he scaled the walls of science; and trusting to
    mother wit to supply the place of training, and to ingenuity
    to create apparatus out of washing tubs, he discovered more
25  new gases (including oxygen, which he termed
    ?dephlogisticated air?) than all his predecessors put
    together had done.