Meaning:

Get someone in trouble. Keep someone from succeeding.

If you cook someone's goose, you get him/her into trouble or prevent him/her from succeeding at something.

Example:

Ted stayed up late yesterday at a party and missed an important meeting in the morning.
He told his boss he was sick, but one of his colleagues cooked his goose. She saw him dancing at the party last night.

When the president made a wrong decision about the country's economic policy, his political goose was cooked.

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