In the mid-nineteenth century, the United States had tremendous natural resources

            that could be exploited in order to develop heavy industry. Most of the raw materials

            that are valuable in the manufacture of machinery, transportation facilities, and consumer

 Line     goods lay ready to be worked into wealth. Iron, coal, and oil ― the basic ingredients of

  (5)      industrial growth ― were plentiful and needed only the application of technical expertise,

            organizational skill, and labor.

                One crucial development in this movement toward industrialization was the growth

            of the railroads. The railway network expanded rapidly until the railroad map of the

            United States looked like a spider's web, with the steel filaments connecting all important

 (10)      sources of raw materials, their places of manufacture, and their centers of distribution.

            The railroads contributed to the industrial growth not only by connecting these major

            centers, but also by themselves consuming enormous amounts of fuel, iron, and coal.

                Many factors influenced emerging modes of production. For example, machine

            tools, the tools used to make goods, were steadily improved in the latter part of the

 (15)      nineteenth century ― always with an eye to speedier production and lower unit costs.

            The products of the factories were rapidly absorbed by the growing cities that sheltered

            the workers and the distributors. The increased urban population was nourished by the

            increased farm production that, in turn, was made more productive by the use of the

            new farm machinery. American agricultural production kept up with the urban demand

 (20)      and still had surpluses for sale to the industrial centers of Europe.

                The labor that ran the factories and built the railways was recruited in part from

            American farm areas where people were being displaced by farm machinery, in part

            from Asia, and in part from Europe. Europe now began to send tides of immigrants

            from eastern and southern Europe ― most of whom were originally poor farmers but

 (25)      who settled in American industrial cities. The money to finance this tremendous

            expansion of the American economy still came from European financiers for the most

            part, but the Americans were approaching the day when their expansion could be

            financed in their own “money market”

            30. What does the passage mainly discuss?

              (A) The history of railroads in the United States

              (B) The major United States industrial centers

              (C) Factors that affected industrialization in the United States

              (D) The role of agriculture in the nineteenth century

            31. Why does the author mention “a spider's web” in line 9?

              (A) To emphasize the railroad's consumption of oil and coal

              (B) To describe the complex structure of the railway system

              (C) To explain the problems brought on by railway expansion

              (D) To describe the difficulties involved in the distribution of raw materials

            32. The word “themselves” in line 12 refers to

              (A) sources

              (B) centers

              (C) railroads

              (D) places

            33. According to the passage, what was one effect of the improvement

                of machine tools?

              (A) Lower manufacturing costs                         

              (B) Better distribution of goods

              (C) More efficient transportation of natural resources

              (D) A reduction in industrial jobs

            34. Which of the following is NOT true of United States farmers in the

                nineteenth century?

              (A) They lost some jobs because of mechanization

              (B) They were unable to produce sufficient food for urban areas.

              (C) They raised their productivity by using new machinery.

              (D) They sold food to European countries

            35. The word “ran” in line 21 is closest in meaning to

              (A) operated

              (B) hurried

              (C) constructed

              (D) owned

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